First aid is not a substitute for veterinary care, it buys time. Here are the key principles:
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Keep your dog warm (except in heatstroke, cool them)
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Keep them still and calm, movement can worsen internal injuries and increase the risk of shock
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Do not give any human medications without vet guidance, many are toxic to dogs (including ibuprofen and acetaminophen)
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Do not offer food or water if surgery is possible or if they are vomiting
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Call ahead, letting the emergency clinic know you're coming means they can prepare
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Muzzle if necessary, even the gentlest dog in pain may bite. A leash, strip of fabric, or soft muzzle around the snout (tied behind the ears) works in a pinch. Do not muzzle if they're having breathing problems.